DOCUMENT: ILO_107.TXT I.L.O. CONVENTION 107, RECOMMENDATION 104, AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE MEETING OF EXPERTS, 1987 I.L.O. CONVENTION 107 CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION AND INTEGRATION OF INDIGENOUS AND OTHER TRIBAL AND SEMI-TRIBAL POPULATIONS IN INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES The General Conference of the International Labour Organisation, Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour office, and having met in its Fortieth Session on 5 June 1957, and Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the protection and integration of indigenous and other tribal and semi-tribal populations in independent countries, which is the sixth item on the agenda of the session, and Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention, and Considering that the Declaration of Philadelphia affirms that all human beings have the right to pursue both their material well- being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity, and Considering that there exist in various independent countries indigenous and other tribal and semi-tribal populations which are not yet integrated into the national community and whose social, economic or cultural situation hinders them from benefiting fully from the rights and advantages enjoyed by other elements of the population, and Considering it desirable both for humanitarian reasons and in the interest of the countries concerned to promote continued action to improve the living and working conditions of these populations by simultaneous action in respect of all the factors which have hitherto prevented them from sharing fully in the progress of the national community of which they form part, and Considering that the adoption of general international standards on the subject will facilitate action to assure the protection of the populations concerned, their progressive integration into their respective national communities, and the improvement of their living and working conditions, and Noting that these standards have been framed with the co-operation of the United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation and the World Health Organisation, at appropriate levels and in their respective fields, and that it is proposed to seek their continuing co-operation in promoting and securing the application of these standards, adopts this twenty-sixth day of June of the year one thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven the following Convention, which may be cited as the Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957: PART I. GENERAL POLICY Article 1 1. This Convention applies to -- (a) members of tribal or semi-tribal populations in independent countries whose social and economic conditions are at a less advanced stage than the stage reached by the other sections of the national community, and whose status is regulated wholly or partially by their own customs or traditions or by special laws or regulations; (b) members of tribal or semi-tribal populations in independent countries which are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, or a geographical region to which the country belongs, at the time of conquest or colonisation and which, irrespective of their legal status, live more in conformity with the social, economic and cultural institutions of that time than with the institutions of the nation to which they belong. 2. For the purposes of this Convention, the term 'semi-tribal' includes groups and persons who, although they are in the process losing their tribal characteristics, are not yet integrated into the national community. 3. The indigenous and other tribal or semi-tribal populations mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article are referred to hereinafter as 'the populations concerned'. Article 2 1. Governments shall have the primary responsibility for developing co-ordinated and systematic action for the protection of the populations concerned and their progressive integration into the life of their respective countries. 2. Such action shall include measures for -- (a) enabling the said populations to benefit on an equal footing from the rights and opportunities which national laws or regulations grant to the other elements of the population; (b) promoting the social, economic and cultural development of these populations and raising their standard of living; (c) creating possibilities of national integration to the exclusion of measures tending towards the artificial assimilation of these populations; 3. The primary objective of all such action shall be the fostering of individual dignity, and the advancement of individual usefulness and initiative. 4. Recourse to force or coercion as a means of promoting the integration of these populations into the national community shall be excluded. Article 3 1. So long as the social, economic and cultural conditions of the populations concerned prevent them from enjoying the benefits of the general laws of the country to which they belong, special measures shall be adopted for the protection of the institutions, persons, property and labour of these populations. 2. Care shall be taken to ensure that such special measures of protection -- (a) are not used as a means of creating or prolonging a state of segregation; and (b) will be continued only so long as there is need for special protection and only to the extent that such protection is necessary. 3. Enjoyment of the general rights of citizenship, without discrimination, shall not be prejudiced in any way by such special measures of protection. Article 4 In applying the provisions of this Convention relating to the integration of the populations concerned -- (a) due account shall be taken of the cultural and religious values and of the forms of social control existing among these populations, and of the nature of the problems which face them both as groups and as individuals when they undergo social and economic change; (b) the danger involved in disrupting the values and institutions of the said populations unless they can be replaced by appropriate substitutes which the groups concerned are willing to accept shall be recognised; (c) policies aimed at mitigating the difficulties experienced by these populations in adjusting themselves to new conditions of life and work shall be adopted. Article 5 In applying the provisions of this Convention relating to the protection and integration of the populations concerned, governments shall -- (a) seek the collaboration of these populations and of their representatives; (b) provide these populations with opportunities for the full development of their initiative; (c) stimulate by all possible means the development among these populations of civil liberties and the establishment of or participation in elective institutions. Article 6 The improvement of the condition of life and work and level of education of the populations concerned shall be given high priority in plans for the over-all economic development of areas inhabited by these populations. Special projects for economic development of the areas in question shall be so designed as to promote such improvement. Article 7 1. In defining the rights and duties of the populations concerned regard shall be had to their customary laws. 2. These populations shall be allowed to retain their own customs and institutions where these are no incompatible with the national legal system or the objectives of integration programmes. 3. The application of the preceding paragraphs of this Article shall not prevent members of these populations from exercising, according to their individual capacity, the rights granted to all citizens and from assuming the corresponding duties. Article 8 To the extent consistent with the interests of the national community and with the national legal system -- (a) the methods of social control practiced by the populations concerned shall be used as far as possible for dealing with crimes or offenses committed by members of these populations; (b) where use of such methods of social control is not feasible, the customs of these populations in regard to penal matters shall be borne in mind by the authorities and courts dealing with such cases. Article 9 Except in cases prescribed by law for all citizens the exaction from the members of the populations concerned of compulsory personal services in any form, whether paid or unpaid, shall be prohibited and punishable by law. Article 10 1. Persons belonging to the populations concerned shall be specially safeguarded against the improper application of preventive detention and shall be able to take legal proceedings for the effective protection of their fundamental rights. 2. In imposing penalties laid down by general law on members of these populations account shall be taken of the degree of cultural development of the populations concerned. 3. Preference shall be given to methods of rehabilitation rather than confinement in prison. PART II. LAND Article 11 The right of ownership, collective or individual, of the members of the populations concerned over the lands which these populations traditionally occupy shall be recognized. Article 12 1. The populations concerned shall not be removed without their free consent from their habitual territories except in accordance with national laws and regulations for reasons relating to national security, or in the interest of national economic development or of the health of the said populations. 2. When in such cases removal of these populations is necessary as an exceptional measure, they shall be provided with lands of quality at least equal to that of the lands previously occupied by them, suitable to provide for their present needs and future development. In cases where chances of alternative employment exist and where the populations concerned prefer to have compensation in money or in kind, they shall be so compensated under appropriate guarantees. 3. Persons thus removed shall be fully compensated for any resulting loss or injury. Article 13 1. Procedures for the transmission of rights of ownership and use of land which are established by the customs of the populations concerned shall be respected, within the framework of national laws and regulations, in so far as they satisfy the needs of these populations and do not hinder their economic and social development. 2. Arrangements shall be made to prevent persons who are not members of the populations concerned from taking advantage of these customs or of lack of understanding of the laws on the part of the members of these populations to secure the ownership or use of the lands belonging to such members. Article 14 National agrarian programmes shall secure to the populations concerned treatment equivalent to that accorded to other sections of the national community with regard to -- (a) the provision of more land for these populations when they have not the area necessary for providing the essentials of a normal existence, or for any possible increase in numbers; (b) the provision of the means required to promote the development of the lands which these populations already possess. PART III. RECRUITMENT AND CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT Article 15 1. Each Member shall, within the framework of national laws and regulations, adopt special measures to ensure the effective protection with regard to recruitment and conditions of employment of workers belonging to the populations concerned so longs as they are not in a position to enjoy the protection granted by law to workers in general. 2. Each Member shall do everything possible to prevent all discrimination between workers belonging to the populations concerned and other workers, in particular as regards -- (a) admission to employment, including skilled employment; (b) equal remuneration for work of equal value; (c) medical and social assistance, the prevention of employment injuries, workmen's compensation, industrial hygiene and housing; (d) the right of association and freedom for all lawful trade union activities, and the right to conclude collective agreements with employers or employers' organisations. PART IV. VOCATIONAL TRAINING, HANDICRAFTS AND RURAL INDUSTRIES Article 16 Persons belonging to the populations concerned shall enjoy the same opportunities as other citizens in respect of vocational training facilities. Article 17 1. Whenever programmes of vocational training of general application do not meet the special needs of persons belonging to the populations concerned governments shall provide special training facilities for such persons. 2. These special training facilities shall be based on a careful study of the economic environment, stage of cultural development and practical needs of the various occupational groups among the said populations; they shall, in particular, enable the persons concerned to receive the training necessary for occupations for which these populations have traditionally shown aptitude. 3. These special training facilities shall be provided only so long as the stage cultural development of the populations concerned requires them; with the advance of the process of integration they shall be replaced by the facilities provided for other citizens. Article 18 1. Handicrafts and rural industries shall be encouraged as factors in the economic development of the populations concerned in a manner which will enable these populations to raise their standard of living and adjust themselves to modern methods of production and marketing. 2. Handicrafts and rural industries shall be developed in a manner which preserves the cultural heritage of these populations and improves their artistic values and particular modes of cultural expression. PART V. SOCIAL SECURITY AND HEALTH Article 19 Existing social security schemes shall be extended progressively, where practicable, to cover -- (a) wage earners belonging to the populations concerned; (b) other persons belonging to these populations. Article 20 1. Governments shall assume the responsibility for providing adequate health services for the populations concerned. 2. The organisation of such services shall be based on systematic studies of the social, economic and cultural conditions of the populations concerned. 3. The development of such services shall be co-ordinated with general measures of social, economic and cultural development. PART VI. EDUCATION AND MEANS OF COMMUNICATION Article 21 Measures shall be taken to ensure that members of the populations concerned have the opportunity to acquire education at all levels on an equal footing with the rest of the national community. Article 22 1. Education programmes for the populations concerned shall be adapted, as regards methods and techniques, to the stage these populations have reached in the process of social, economic and cultural integration in the national community. 2. The formulation of such programmes shall normally be preceded by ethnological surveys. Article 23 1. Children belonging to the populations concerned shall be taught to read and write in their mother tongue or, where this is not practicable, in the language most commonly used by the group to which they belong. 2. Provision shall be made for a progressive transition from the mother tongue or the vernacular language to the national language or to one of the official languages of the country. 3. Appropriate measures shall, as far as possible, be taken to preserve the mother tongue or the vernacular language. Article 24 The imparting of general knowledge and skills that will help children to become integrated into the national community shall be an aim of primary education for the populations concerned. Article 25 Education measures shall be taken among other sections of the national community and particularly among those that are in most direct contact with the populations concerned with the object of eliminating prejudices that they may harbour in respect of these populations. Article 26 1. Governments shall adopt measures, appropriate to the social and cultural characteristics of the populations concerned, to make known to them their rights and duties, especially in regard to labour and social welfare. 2. If necessary this shall be done by means of written translations and through the use of media of mass communication in the languages of these populations. PART VII. ADMINISTRATION Article 27 1. The governmental authority responsible for the matters covered in this Convention shall create or develop agencies to administer the programmes involved. 2. These programmes shall include -- (a) planning, co-ordination and execution of appropriate measures for social, economic and cultural development of the populations concerned; (b) proposing of legislative and other measures to the competent authorities; (c) supervision of the application of these measures. PART VII. GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 28 1. The governmental authority responsible for the matters covered in this Convention shall create or develop agencies to administer the programmes involved. 2. These programmes shall include -- (a) planning, co-ordination and execution of appropriate measures for the social, economic and cultural development of the populations concerned; (b) proposing of legislative and other measures to the competent authorities; (c) supervision of the application of these measures. PART VIII. GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 28 The nature and the scope of the measures to be taken to give effect to this Convention shall be determined in a flexible manner, having regard to the conditions characteristic of each country. Article 29 The application of the provisions of this Convention shall not affect benefits conferred on the populations concerned in pursuance of other Conventions and Recommendations. Article 30 The formal ratifications of this Convention shall be communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration. Article 31 1. This Convention shall be binding only upon those Members of the International Labour organisation whose ratifications have been registered with the Director-General. 2. It shall come into force twelve months after the date on which the ratifications of two Members have been registered with the Director-General. 3. Thereafter, this Convention shall come into force for any Member twelve months after the date on which its ratification had been registered. Article 32 1. A Member which has ratified this Convention may denounce it after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the Convention first comes into force, by an act communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration. Such denunciation shall not take effect until one year after the date on which it is registered. 2. Each Member which has ratified this Convention and which does not, within the year following the expiration of the period of ten years mentioned in the preceding paragraph, exercise the right of denunciation provided for in this Article, will be bound for another period of ten years and, thereafter, may denounce this Convention at the expiration of each period of ten years under the terms provided for in this Article. Article 33 1. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall notify all Members of the International Labour Organisation of the registration of all ratifications and denunciations communicated to him by the Members of the Organisation. 2. When notifying the Members of the Organisation of the registration of the second ratification communicated to him, the Director-General shall draw the attention of the Members of the Organisation to the date upon which the Convention will come into force. Article 34 The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for registration in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations full particulars of all ratifications and acts of denunciation registered by him in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Articles. Article 35 At such times as it may consider necessary the Governing Body of the International Labour Office shall present to the General Conference a report on the working of this Convention and shall examine the desirability of placing on the agenda of the Conference the question of its revision in whole or in part. Article 36 1. Should the Conference adopt a new Convention revising this Convention in whole or in part, then, unless the new Convention otherwise provides -- (a) the ratification by a Member of the new revising Convention shall IPSO JURE involve the immediate denunciation of this Convention, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 32 above, if and when the new revising Convention shall have come into force; (b) as from the date when the new revising Convention comes into force this Convention shall cease to be open to ratification by the Members. 2. This Convention shall in any case remain in force in its actual form and content for those Members which have ratified it but have not ratified the revising Convention. Article 37 The English and French versions of the text of this Convention are equally authoritative. I.L.O. RECOMMENDATION 104 RECOMMENDATION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION AND INTEGRATION OF INDIGENOUS AND OTHER TRIBAL AND SEMI-TRIBAL POPULATIONS IN INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES The General Conference of the International Labour Organisation, Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its Fortieth Session on 5 June 1957, and Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the protection and integration of indigenous and other tribal and semi-tribal populations in independent countries, which is the sixth item on the agenda of the session, and Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of a Recommendation, supplementing the Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957, and Noting that the following standards have been framed and the cooperation of the United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation and the World Health Organisation, at appropriate levels and in their respective fields, and that it is proposed to seek their continuing co-operation in promoting and securing the application of these standards. adopts this twenty-sixth day of June of the year one thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven the following Recommendation, which may be cited as the Indigenous and Tribal Populations Recommendation, 1957: The Conference recommends that each Member should apply the following provisions: I. PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS 1. (1) This Recommendation applies to -- (a) members of tribal or semi-tribal populations in independent countries whose social and economic conditions are at a less advanced stage than the stage reached by the other sections of the national community, and whose status is regulated wholly or partially by their own customs or traditions or by special laws or regulations; (b) members of tribal or semi-tribal populations in independent countries which are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, or a geographical region to which the country belongs, at the time of conquest or colonisation and which, irrespective of their legal status, live more in conformity with the social, economic and cultural institutions of that time than with the institutions of the nation to which they belong. 2. For the purposes of this Recommendation, the term 'semi- tribal' includes groups and persons who, although they are in the process of losing their tribal characteristics, are not yet integrated into the national community. 3. The indigenous and other tribal or semi-tribal populations mentioned in subparagraphs (1) and (2) of this Paragraph are referred to hereinafter as 'the populations concerned'. II. LAND 2. Legislative or administrative measures should be adopted for the regulation of the conditions, DE FACTO or DE JURE, in which the populations concerned use the land. 3. (1) The populations concerned should be assured of a land reserve adequate for the needs of shifting cultivation so long as no better system of cultivation can be introduced. (2) Pending the attainment of the objectives of a settlement policy for semi-nomadic, zones should be established within which the livestock of such groups can graze without hindrance. 4. Members of the populations concerned should receive the same treatment as other members of the national population in relation to the ownership of underground wealth or to preference rights in the development of such wealth. 5. (1) Save in exceptional circumstances defined by law the direct or indirect lease of lands owned by members of the populations concerned to persons or bodies not belonging to these populations should be restricted. (2) In cases in which such lease is allowed, arrangements should be made to ensure that the owners will be paid equitable rents. Rents paid in respect of collectively owned land should be used, under appropriate regulations, for the benefit of the groups which owns it. 6. The mortgaging of land owned by members of the populations concerned to a person or body not belonging to these populations should be restricted. 7. Appropriate measures should be taken for the elimination of indebtedness among farmers belonging to the populations concerned. Co-operative systems of credit should be organised, and low- interest loans, technical aid and, where appropriate, subsidies, should be extended to these farmers to enable them to develop their lands. 8. Where appropriate, modern methods of co-operative production, supply and marketing should be adapted to the traditional forms of communal ownership and use of land and production implements among the populations concerned and to their traditional systems of community service and mutual aid. III. RECRUITMENT AND CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT 9. So long as the populations concerned are not in a position to enjoy the protection granted by law to workers in general, recruitment of workers belonging to these populations should be regulated by providing, in particular, for -- (a) licensing of private recruiting agents and supervision of their activities; (b) safeguards against the disruptive influence of the recruitment of workers on their family and community life, including measures -- (i) prohibiting recruitment during specified periods and in specified areas; (ii) enabling workers to maintain contact with, and participate in important tribal activities of, their communities of origin; and (iii) ensuring protection of the dependents of recruited workers; (c) fixing the minimum age for recruitment and establishing special conditions for the recruitment of non-adult workers; (d) establishing health criteria to be fulfilled by workers at the time of recruitment; (e) establishing standards for the transport of recruited workers; (f) ensuring that the worker -- (i) understands the conditions of his employment, as a result of explanation in his mother tongue; (ii) freely and knowingly accepts the conditions of his employment. 10. So long as the populations concerned are not in a position to enjoy the protection granted by law to workers in general, the wages and the personal liberty of workers belonging to these populations should be protected, in particular, by providing that -- (a) wages shall normally be paid only in legal tender; (b) the payment of any part of wages in the form of alcohol or other spirituous beverages or noxious drugs shall be prohibited; (c) the payment of wages in taverns or stores, except in the case of workers employed therein, shall be prohibited; (d) the maximum amounts and manner of repayment of advances on wages and the extent to which and conditions under which deductions from wages may be permitted shall be regulated; (e) work stores or similar services operated in connection with the undertaking shall be supervised; (f) the withholding or confiscation of effects and tools which workers commonly use, on the ground of debt or unfulfilled labour contract, without prior approval of the competent judicial or administrative authority shall be prohibited; (g) interference with the personal liberty of workers on the ground of debt shall be prohibited. 11. The right to repatriation to the community of origin, at the expense of the recruiter or the employer, should be ensured in all cases where the worker -- (a) becomes incapacitated by sickness or accident during the journey to the place of employment or in the course of employment; (b) is found on medical examination to be unfit for employment; (c) is not engaged, after having been sent forward for engagement, for a reason for which he is not responsible; (d) is found by the competent authority to have been recruited by misrepresentation or mistake. 12. (1) Measures should be taken to facilitate the adaptation of workers belonging to the populations concerned to the concepts and methods of industrial relations in a modern society. (2) Where necessary, standard contracts of employment should be drawn up in consultation with representatives of the workers and employers concerned. Such contracts should set out the respective rights and obligations of workers and employers, together with the conditions under which the contracts may be terminated. Adequate measures should be taken to ensure observance of these contracts. 13. (1) Measures should be adopted, in conformity with the law, to promote the stabilisation of workers and their families in or near employment centres, where such stabilisation is in the interests of the workers and of the economy of the countries concerned. (2) In applying such measures, special attention should be paid to the problems involved in the adjustment of workers belonging to the populations concerned and their families to the forms of life and work of their new social and economic environment. 14. The migration of workers belonging to the populations concerned should, when considered to be contrary to the interests of these workers and of their communities, be discouraged by measures designed to raise the standards of living in the areas which they traditionally occupy. 15. (1) Governments should establish public employment services, stationary or mobile, in areas in which workers belonging to the populations concerned are recruited in large numbers. (2) Such services should, in addition to assisting workers to find employment and assisting employers to find workers -- (a) determine the extent to which manpower shortages existing in other regions of the country could be met by manpower available in areas inhabited by the populations concerned without social or economic disturbance in these areas; (b) advise workers and their employers on provisions concerning them contained in laws, regulations and contracts, relating to the wages, housing, benefits for employment injuries, transportation and other conditions of employment; (c) co-operate with the authorities responsible for the enforcement of laws or regulations ensuring the protection of the populations concerned and, where necessary, be entrusted with responsibility for the control of procedures connected with the recruitment and conditions of employment of workers belonging to these populations. IV. VOCATIONAL TRAINING 16. Programmes for the vocational training of the populations concerned should include provision for the training of members of these populations as instructors. Instructors should be conversant with such techniques, including where possible an understanding of anthropological and psychological factors, as would enable them to adapt their teaching to the particular conditions and needs of these populations. 17. The vocational training of members of the populations concerned should, as far as practicable, be carried out near the place where they live or in the place where they work. 18. During the early stages of integration this training should be given, as far as possible, in the vernacular language of the group concerned. 19. Programmes for the vocational training of the populations concerned should be co-ordinated with measures of assistance enabling independent workers to acquire the necessary materials and equipment and assisting wage earners in finding employment appropriate to their qualifications. 20. Programmes and methods of vocational training for the populations concerned should be co-ordinated with programmes and methods of fundamental education. 21. During the period of vocational training of members of the populations concerned, they should be given all possible assistance to enable them to take advantage of the facilities provided, including, where feasible, scholarships. V. HANDICRAFTS AND RURAL INDUSTRIES 22. Programmes for the promotion of handicrafts, and rural industries among the populations concerned should, in particular, aim at -- (a) improving techniques and methods of work as well as working conditions; (b) developing all aspects of production and marketing, including credit facilities, protection against monopoly controls and against exploitation by middlemen, provision of raw materials at equitable prices, establishment of standards of craftsmanship, and protection of designs and of special aesthetic features of products; and (c) encouraging the formation of co-operatives. VI. SOCIAL SECURITY AND MEASURES OF ASSISTANCE 23. The extension of social security schemes to workers belonging to the populations concerned should be preceded or accompanied, as conditions may require, by measures to improve their general social and economic conditions. 24. In the case of independent primary producers provision should be made for -- (a) instruction in modern methods of farming; (b) supply of equipment, for example implements, stocks, seeds; and (c) protection against the loss of livelihood resulting from natural hazards to crops or stock. VII. HEALTH 25. The populations concerned should be encouraged to organise in their communities local health boards or committees to look after the health of their members. The formation of these bodies should be accompanied by a suitable educational effort to ensure that full advantage is taken of them. 26. (1) Special facilities should be provided for the training of members of the populations concerned as auxiliary health workers and professional medical and sanitary personnel, where these members are not in a position to acquire such training through the ordinary facilities of the country. (2) Care should be taken to ensure that the provision of special facilities does not have the effect of depriving members of the populations concerned of the opportunity to obtain their training through the ordinary facilities. 27. The professional health personnel working among the populations concerned should have training in anthropological and psychological techniques which will enable them to adapt their work to the cultural characteristics of these populations. VIII. EDUCATION 28. Scientific research should be organised and financed with a view to determining the most appropriate methods for the teaching of reading and writing to the children belonging to the populations concerned and for the utilisation of the mother tongue or the vernacular language as a vehicle of instruction. 29. Teachers working among the populations concerned should have training in anthropological and psychological techniques which will enable them to adapt their work to the cultural characteristics of these populations. These teachers should, as far as possible, be recruited from among such populations. 30. Pre-vocational instruction, with emphasis on the teaching of subjects relating to agriculture, handicrafts, rural industries and home economics, should be introduced in the programmes of primary education intended for the populations concerned. 31. Elementary health instruction should be included in the programmes of primary education intended for the populations concerned. 32. The primary education of the populations concerned should be supplemented, as far as possible, by campaigns of fundamental education. These campaigns should be designed to help children and adults to understand the problems of their environment and their rights and duties as citizens and individuals, thereby enabling them to participate more effectively in the economic and social progress of their communities. IX. LANGUAGES AND OTHER MEANS OF COMMUNICATION 33. Where appropriate the integration of the populations concerned should be facilitated by -- (a) enriching the technical and juridical vocabulary of their vernacular languages and dialects; (b) establishing alphabets for the writing of these languages and dialects; (c) publishing in these languages and dialects readers adapted to the educational and cultural level of the populations concerned; and (d) publishing bilingual dictionaries. 34. Methods of audio-visual communication should be employed as means of information among the populations concerned. X. TRIBAL GROUPS IN FRONTIER ZONES 35. (1) Where appropriate and practicable, intergovernmental action should be taken, by means of agreements between the governments concerned, to protect semi-nomadic tribal groups whose traditional territories lie across international boundaries. (2) Such action should aim in particular at -- (a) ensuring that members of these groups who work in another country receive fair wages in accordance with the standards in operation in the region of employment; (b) assisting these workers to improve their conditions of life without discrimination on account of their nationality or of their semi-nomadic character. XI. ADMINISTRATION 36. Administrative arrangements should be made, either through government agencies specially created for the purpose or through appropriate co-ordination of the activities of other government agencies, for -- (a) ensuring enforcement of legislative and administrative provisions for the protection and integration of the populations concerned; (b) ensuring effective possession of land and use of other natural resources by members of these populations; (c) administering the property and income of these populations when necessary in their interests; (d) providing free legal aid for the members of the populations concerned that may need legal aid but cannot afford it; (e) establishing and maintaining educational and health services for the populations concerned; (f) promoting research designed to facilitate understanding of the way of life of such populations and of the process of their integration into the national community. (g) preventing the exploitation of workers belonging to the populations concerned on account of their unfamiliarity with the industrial environment to which they are introduced; (h) where appropriate, supervising and co-ordinating, within the framework of the programmes of protection and integration, the activities, whether philanthropic or profit-making, carried out by individuals and corporate bodies, public or private, in regions inhabited by the populations concerned. 37. (1) National agencies specifically responsible for the protection and integration of the populations concerned should be provided with regional centres, situated in areas where these populations are numerous. (2) These agencies should be staffed by officials selected and trained for the special tasks they have to perform. As far as possible, these officials should be recruited from among the members of the populations concerned. * * * CONCLUSION OF THE MEETING OF EXPERTS, 1987 EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE MEETING OF EXPERTS ON THE REVISION OF THE INDIGENOUS AND TRIBAL POPULATIONS CONVENTION, 1957 (No. 107) (Geneva, 1-10 September 1986) CONCLUSIONS 1. The Convention's integrationist approach is inadequate and no longer reflects current thinking. 2. Indigenous and tribal peoples should enjoy as much control as possible over their own economic, social and cultural development. 3. The right of these peoples to interact with the national society on an equal footing through their own institutions should be recognised. 4. The Meeting concluded that the traditional land rights of these peoples should be recognised and effectively protected, and noted that the indigenous and tribal representatives present unanimously considered that these lands should be inalienable. 5. The Meeting agreed that, in order to make these rights effective, ratifying States should take measures to determine the lands to which these peoples have rights, by demarcation or delimitation where this has not already been done. 6. The authority of States to appropriate indigenous or tribal lands, or to remove these peoples from their lands, should be limited to exceptional circumstances, and should take place only with their informed consent. If this consent cannot be obtained, such authority should be exercised only after appropriate procedures designed to meet the exceptional circumstances for such taking and which guarantee to these peoples the opportunity to be effectively represented. 7. In cases where the appropriation or removals referred to in the previous paragraph proves necessary after these procedures, these groups should receive compensation including lands of at least equal extent, quality and legal status which allow the continuation of their traditional lifestyles and which are suitable to provide for their present needs and future development. 8. In all activities proposed to be taken by the ILO or by ratifying States affecting indigenous and tribal peoples these peoples should be integrally involved at every level of the process. 9. The Meeting noted that the indigenous and tribal representatives present unanimously stressed the importance of self-determination in economic, social and cultural affairs as a right and as a basic principle for the development of new standards within the ILO. RECOMMENDATIONS The Meeting of Experts recommends to the Governing Body: (a) that it place the revision of this instrument on the agenda of the International Labour Conference in 1988 or as early as possible thereafter; (b) that full account should be taken of the views expressed at this Meeting in revising the Convention; (c) that the scope of the revision should be limited to social, economic and cultural considerations; (d) that it take all possible measures to ensure the participation of indigenous and tribal representatives in the process leading to the revision of this Convention and in other ILO activities in this field; (e) that the ILO should adopt a programme of activities for the protection of the rights and interests of indigenous and tribal peoples, taking account of the above-mentioned conclusions. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: -= THE FOURTH WORLD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT =- :: :: A service provided by :: :: The Center For World Indigenous Studies :: :: www.cwis.org :: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Originating at the Center for World Indigenous Studies, Olympia, Washington USA www.cwis.org © 1999 Center for World Indigenous Studies (All Rights Reserved. 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